Rather than describing a process in the abstract, this article reports three projects where a CDFU plus CDOF pure-physical train was installed and measured: refining and chemical produced water at 1,000 m3/d, a thermal power plant at 500 m3/d, and ship bi
As oilfields move into the mid-to-late stage of development, reinjection water quality directly governs waterflood performance and production economics. This article explains why produced water with emulsified droplets between 1 and 50 microns defeats con
Coking wastewater combines extremely high organic load with phenols, ammonia nitrogen, cyanide and finely emulsified oil, which is why biological treatment alone struggles. This article sets out the load figures first, explains why conventional physicoche
Engine room bilge water and tank washing water are highly emulsified and leave little room for error, which is why compliant discharge is a persistent problem for ship operators. This article walks through a three-stage process combining CDFU pre-treatmen
Oil tank farms generate a wastewater stream whose oil content swings from a few hundred mg/L to tens of thousands, and chemical demulsification has trouble keeping up. This article explains where the water comes from, the four characteristics that drive t
A thermal power plant generates oily wastewater from boiler cleaning, desulfurisation and turbine maintenance, and the oil content across those streams can differ by four orders of magnitude. This article explains why settling ponds and plain flotation un
Polylactic acid production sends a steady trickle of un-emulsified free oil into its wastewater, and treating it as waste is an expensive habit. This article traces where that oil enters the stream, from vacuum pump working fluid to heat transfer oil leak
Pharmaceutical wastewater combines suspended solids, refractory organics and strong toxicity, and batch production makes both quality and volume swing hard. This piece sets out a two-stage design in which CDFU strips the load up front so the catalyst down
Refractory organics, high salinity and heavy organic loads expose the ceiling of ordinary treatment media. This article explains how atomic layer deposition builds a superhydrophilic film with atomic-level thickness control, high density and large-area un
Acidic, heavily emulsified wastewater breaks the default infrared method for oil content: extraction collapses, a stubborn emulsion layer forms, and parallel samples drift apart. This piece walks through the four bottlenecks labs actually hit, then lays o